Choose Related Tables/YOUR RELATE NAME, this will open the related table showing the related records for the selected record you chose in step 2)
Still, this is weird that the 'Query Related' doesn't work in one way (QueryLayer Table to FeatureClass) but then it works either way, once I test it from the FeatureClass Layer to the QueryLayerTable, how could I test this in ArcMap ?
Looking at your second screenshot, shouldn't the "Target Table" be the FGDB "Quadrant" Feature Class, and the "Relate Table" the "CMS.%Quadrant"?
By the way, I would avoid things like "%" characters in RDBMS database, table or field names...
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