You could accomplish this by building a tool using the PythonAddins framework or the ArcObjects AddIns framework. I know that you stated you didn't want to use ArcObjects, but I feel that you'd probably prefer the AddIns framework over the COM component approach. Both the PythonAddins and ArcObjects AddIns routes will create a file which the user can install on their machine without any administrative privileges.
What is a Python add-in?
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/desktop/latest/guide-books/python-addins/what-is-a-python-add-in.htm
Creating a Python add-in tool
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/desktop/latest/guide-books/python-addins/creating-an-add-in-tool.htm
Building add-ins for ArcGIS for Desktop (ArcObjects)
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/arcobjects-net/conceptualhelp/#/Building_add_ins_for_ArcGIS_for_Desktop/0001000000w2000000/
Walkthrough: Building custom UI elements using add-ins
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/arcobjects-net/conceptualhelp/#/Walkthrough_Building_custom_UI_elements_using_add_ins/0001000001ms000000/
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