When reading this bug report, it’s not clear if the bug has been fixed or not:
In ArcGIS Pro 3.5, Calculate Field does not honor selection or layer filters when using SQL as the expression type on file geodatabase data
https://support.esri.com/en-us/knowledge-base/calculate-field-does-not-honor-selection-or-layer-filte-000036268?
Article ID: 000036268
I could make a guess based on this wording:
This issue will be addressed in 3.5 Patch 1 (3.5.1), planned to be available the first week of June 2025. Until a patch is available, the software update service will be disabled in ArcGIS Pro. Customers who understand this issue and the workaround can download ArcGIS Pro 3.5 from My Esri.
But I’m wondering if I’m missing something. Why isn’t there a status indicated? I don’t work in I.T., so my MyEsri account isn’t linked to my organization’s GIS admin account, so I couldn’t check the bug status there.