I'm trying to get Arc Map 10.4 running, from a new installation of ArcGIS_Desktop on Windows 10.
I'd initially installed the free trial, then uninstalled, and installed ArcGIS_Desktop_104_149411.exe.
The installation worked fine, and the Authorization Wizard seems to have worked. I see EDN ArcGIS for Desktop Basic listed in ArcGIS Administrator, with version 10.1-10.4, marked as Installed, and Authorized, with an expiration of 01-Dec-2016.
But when I run ArcMap 10.4, I get a splash screen showing the message "Loading Document..." for about 30 seconds, then it goes away.
I filed a support ticket with ESRI last week, but have had no response.