Just want to share my experience, after one day of troubleshooting Docker/network connection issues
1. DNS issues - the container was able to access internet urls, but somehow it could not reach the portal.internal.hostname:7443. Turns out that we need to add a firewall rule to Windows Defender
https://enterprise.arcgis.com/en/notebook/latest/install/windows/common-problems-and-solutions-notebook-server-.htm is misleading because dockerExtraHosts does not work on Windows (wasted some time here) and does not resolve the issue I faced
2. Javascript errors - some JS resources could not be loaded properly under portal/home/notebook
Portal\framework\webapps\arcgis#home\notebook\notebookhome.html is one of the affected html templates
3. Docker Desktop is not supported, but it is possible to install Docker Engine (binaries) as a separate service entry (with its own daemon.json), on top of Docker Desktop. Just make sure their services are not started at the same time.
sc create docker-binaries binPath= "\"C:\Program Files\Docker\dockerd.exe\" --run-service -H tcp://localhost:2375 -H npipe:// --service-name docker -G docker-users --config-file C:\ProgramData\Docker\config\daemon_binaries.json" DisplayName= "Docker Engine (binaries)" start= demand