Unfortunately, I followed those steps and still had the exact same result.
A few other things I tried:
-Publishing from the local drive instead of the network drive
-Checking my permissions (I'm Creator type, Administrator role, so that's not the problem)
-Checking the field and file names (all were compatible)
Things I have not yet tried:
-Having someone else in the organization try to share a file
-Uninstalling and Reinstalling Pro
I CAN publish the exact same shapefile from Pro to the Enterprise Portal as a hosted feature layer. It looks like it's just AGOL that is the issue.