Hello Dan,
thank you again for helping me and I'm sorry for joining the multitude of people who ask things that have been asked a thousand times before. I don't know how I missed these posts.
The underlying question I would need answered is - Can I work with ArcGIS Enterprise without having an ArcGIS Pro license?
I have read a bit on what each of them offers, and I am sure a more experienced user would have this question answered with this information, but I am a mere Environmental Sciences student with no background in this area. Without access to the products I lack the theoretical knowledge to picture how they work together. I have used AGOL before, so I know that with it I can work with spacial data without Pro. I don't know if that's the case for Enterprise or if this product simply connects a myriad of Pro licenses into a single organisational umbrella.
With the links you sent me and a bit more of googling (i. e. "In an ArcGIS Enterprise portal, ArcGIS Pro licenses are assigned to members in the same way as in an ArcGIS Online organization." - source), I am inclined to understand I need Pro licenses along with Enterprise. But I got no definitive "yes" or "no" so far.