I am currently trying to adjust the view distance so that the smaller, shorter roads still appear on my Hybrid Basemap, not just the large interstates. I want the more detailed road names to be visible from a larger scale. If possible, how do I adjust this value?
Maybe this documentation can help: Use scale-based symbol classes—ArcGIS Pro | Documentation
This would be taking into consideration you're working with data that is adjustable. Not certain you're able to control that with ESRI based default basemaps.
Have you tried creating your own version of the basemap using the online Vector Tile Style Editor? You can change the zoom ranges of the road labels for each of the different classes of roads. I have used this in the past to adjust colors and remove buildings that interfered with my uses of a standard basemap. I saved my version of the basemap as a Favorite so that I can find it easily.