These days, as at Pro 3.5.2, Catalog is still incorporated within Pro.
Tasks that, in ArcMap were separate, are now also done in the same dialog window such as editing feature class schema.
I never quite seem to get it right to make permanent changes permanent, and project only edits stick to the project.
Aliases is the big one. I often want to have aliases for use in imbedded tables in Layouts. These changes must not be carried over to the main dataset and end up appearing everywhere else.
I understand that the key is where you initiate the edit from - Catalog or from within the Map Contents, but it still doesn't play nice when you least expect it.
Also - when you initiate an edit from within the map to change an alias but end up adding a field to do symbology things with: What ends up getting saved where? The field is permanent but the alias not? Except when it is, but not when you don't want it to? Over the last decade I've found the behaviour to be inconsistent.
Idea:
Provide a visual indicator in the Edit Fields window to clearly indicate what is/will be saved into the Project and what is/will be saved to the source feature class.