Follow up:
I was running my script tool in ArcMap. The tables that were showing a deviant catalog path were tables in the ArcMap TOC that were copies of the tables in my target workspace (same name, different workspace. Ex: the target workspace is a File GDB with a table called STUDY_INFO, and the table in ArcMap is STUDY_INFO.dbf in a folder containing .dbf tables as well as shapefiles.) If I removed the table from ArcMap, the tool listed the correct path. This is kind of annoying, as the tool parameter is a workspace path and has nothing to do with the ArcMap TOC.