Hi,
As Alexander nicely outlined, the workflow for getting data into apps built with the ArcGIS Runtime SDK for WPF if to create packages (Map, Tile, Locator, Geoprocessing) with ArcGIS for Desktop and use those as the basis for local services. There are a couple of other approaches which you can take. The first is to use the dynamic layers capability in conjunction with a local map service, which allows you to dynamically add/remove layers from the local map service. Or alternatively create a GP tool which takes a raster as input and simply outputs the same raster, package it and then start a local geoprocessing service of type SubmitJobWithMapServerResult and add the map service result as a layer to you map control.
Cheers
Mike