I found a few possibly related reported bugs:
NIM059337: Binary Raster (1-bit TIFF) disappears at certain zoom levels when using the classified renderer.
currently open; not marked as fixed.
NIM067353: Tiff image shifts when zoomed out and displays in correct location when zoomed in.
Fixed in 10 sp3 and 10.1. Workaround: export to a new tiff.
I don't have any more information on these, and these were the only ones that showed up on a "tiff zoom" search related to v10.