I defined a parameter in ModelBuilder, but it's not appearing in the Geoprocessing tab. I also tried setting it through the model's properties, but that didn't work either. How can I make the parameter show up in the Geoprocessing tab?
There's no parameter in your screenshot, just the headers of the empty table. You can make any variable a parameter by right-clicking on it and ticking the option. They'll have a "P" next to their symbol if they're a parameter
As exemplified in the help topic on Model Parameters
Model parameters—ArcGIS Pro | Documentation
P Is what you will see in your model, set them according to the help topic.
To set a model variable as a parameter, the model must be edited in ModelBuilder. In ModelBuilder, right-click the variable and select Parameter. When a variable is set as a parameter, the letter P appears next to the variable in the model.