The short answer is "no". At least, not with a Feature Service. The issue here is that a feature service is constrained by what's possible in the JavaScript API's symbol settings.
There are ways around this, though. In recent updates to Enterprise, the ability to publish hosted map image layers was added. These, while using a hosted layer as their data source, can take advantage of all the symbology options available to you in Pro. If your data source is not a hosted layer, you can still accomplish though through publishing a standard Map Image service as well.
In either case, the answer is a map image that is dynamically drawn by the server, rather than a feature layer that is rendered according to the JS API.
Here in my org, we use hosted image layers for complex line symbols and labelling, such as contours and legal boundaries, and they work very well.
- Josh Carlson
Kendall County GIS