map.Layers has a method GetFullExtent which is giving the full extent of the map.This method is only valid after the layer collection has been initialized.So you have to subscribe to the 'LayersInitialized' event.Something like:private void MyMap_Initialized(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
Map map = sender as Map;
map.Layers.LayersInitialized += new LayerCollection.LayersInitializedHandler(Layers_LayersInitialized);
}
void Layers_LayersInitialized(object sender, System.EventArgs args)
{
LayerCollection col = sender as LayerCollection;
Envelope env = col.GetFullExtent();
}