I am experiencing very similar problems... All my projects, shapefiles and GDB's are stored on a server so my colleagues can access the GIS-projects whenever they need them. My Arcmap 10.2.1 often loses connection to the server for no apparant reason. I can still access all the data on the server on my laptop so I know the connection to the server is fine. It's just Arcmap that seems to experience these problems. Whenever this happens I get tons of "failure to draw layer" errors and Arcmap almost never recovers from this on its own. Manually reconnecting to my GDB does not work. I usually have to shut down ArcGIS without saving, re-open my project and say a quick prayer. Sometimes this will fix the problem (sometimes I lose some of my work in the process). I can't store my work on a local drive since my work needs to be accessible to my co-workers and transfering my work from a local drive to the server at the end of the day is very tedious and severs all connections between the layers in the ArcMap project and the GDB. It's quite irritating since this problem occurs several times a day. Whenever I work in QGIS I don't experience this constant loss of connection to the server. I really hope ESRI will fix this, but since the problem is still present in the 10.5.1 version, I am not getting my hopes up...
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